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1 York gum
Биология: эвкалипт косожилый (Eucalyptus loxophleba) -
2 York gum
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3 gum
gum 1. эвкалипт, Eucalyptus ; 2. растительный клей, камедь, гумми, смола; выделять камедь, смолу; 3. деснаapple gum эвкалипт Бриджеса, Eucalyptus bridgesianablue gum эвкалипт шаровидный, Eucalyptus globulus; эвкалипт белодревесный, Eucalyptus leucoxylon; эвкалипт зонтичный, Eucalyptus umbellata; эвкалипт ивовый, Eucalyptus saliginabogong gum эвкалипт Чэпмана, Eucalyptus chapmanianabrittle gum эвкалипт густопятнистый, Eucalyptus maculosabroad-leaved sally gum эвкалипт яйцевидный, Eucalyptus ovatacabbage gum эвкалипт малоцветковый, Eucalyptus pauciflora; эвкалипт большой, Eucalyptus grandis; эвкалипт Папуана, Eucalyptus papuanacotton gum нисса водная, Nyssa aquaticaDeane's gum эвкалипт Дина, Eucalyptus deanieflooded gum эвкалипт большой, Eucalyptus grandisflowering red gum эвкалипт фиголистный, Eucalyptus ficifoliaforest red gum эвкалипт зонтичный, Eucalyptus umbellatafraxinoides gum эвкалипт ясеневидный, Eucalyptus fraxinoidesghost gum эвкалипт Папуана, Eucalyptus papuanagray gum эвкалипт близкий, Eucalyptus propinquagulley gum эвкалипт Смита, Eucalyptus smithiilemon-scented gum эвкалипт лимонный, Eucalyptus citriodoramaculate gum эвкалипт пятнистый, Eucalyptus maculatamanna gum эвкалипт красноватый, Eucalyptus rubidamarry red gum эвкалипт красиволистный, Eucalyptus calophyllamonkey gum эвкалипт угловаточашечковый, Eucalyptus goniocalyxmountain gum эвкалипт Дальримпля, Eucalyptus dalrympleanaMurray red gum эвкалипт камальдульский, Eucalyptus camaldulensispaniculate gum эвкалипт метельчатый, Eucalyptus paniculatapink gum эвкалипт пучковатый, Eucalyptus fasciculosaQueensland red gum эвкалипт выставляющийся, Eucalyptus exsertaribbon gum эвкалипт красноватый, Eucalyptus rubidariver red gum эвкалипт приречный, Eucalyptus camaldulensisrose gum эвкалипт большой, Eucalyptus grandissalmon gum эвкалипт лососевокорый, Eucalyptus salmonophloiashining gum эвкалипт блестящий, Eucalyptus nitenssmall swamp gum эвкалипт Яррена, Eucalyptus yarraensissnow gum эвкалипт малоцветковый, Eucalyptus perrinianasouthern blue gum эвкалипт шаровидный, Eucalyptus globulusspinner gum эвкалипт Перрина, Eucalyptus perrinianastringly gum эвкалипт царственный, Eucalyptus regnanssugar gum эвкалипт ветвечашечковый, Eucalyptus cladocalyxswamp gum эвкалипт яйцевидный, Eucalyptus ovatasweet gum ликвидамбар смолоносный, амбровое дерево, Liquidambar styracifluawhite-top gum эвкалипт прозрачный, Eucalyptus vitreayellow gum эвкалипт белодревесный, Eucalyptus leucoxylonYork gum эвкалипт косожилый, Eucalyptus loxophlebazebra gum эвкалипт мелкогородчатый, Eucalyptus crenulataEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > gum
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4 gum
1) эвкалипт ( Eucalyptus)см. тж. eucalyptus2) растительный клей, камедь, гумми, смола; выделять камедь, смолу3) десна•- black gum
- blue gum
- bogong gum
- brittle gum
- broad-leaved sally gum
- brown gum
- cabbage gum
- cotton gum
- flooded gum
- flowering red gum
- forest red gum
- gray gum
- gulley gum
- honey-scented gum
- lemon gum
- lemon-scented gum
- maculate gum
- manna gum
- marry red gum
- monkey gum
- mountain gum
- Murray red gum
- paniculate gum
- pink gum
- Queensland red gum
- ribbon gum
- river red gum
- rose gum
- salmon gum
- shining gum
- snow gum
- southern blue gum
- stringy gum
- stringy-bark gum
- sugar gum
- swamp gum
- sweet gum
- Sydney blue gum
- Tasmanian blue gum
- white-top gum
- yellow gum
- York gum
- zebra gum* * * -
5 Pouncy, John
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1820 Englandd. 1894 Dorchester (?), Dorset, England[br]English photographer and pioneer of the gum bichromate permanent printing process.[br]A professional photographer working from a studio in Dorchester, Pouncy had a long interest in "permanent" photographs. In 1857 he published two volumes of photolithographed views of Dorset. He was later to devise a number of variations of the photolithographic process.Pouncy is best remembered for his pigment process, patented in 1858, using vegetable carbon, gum arabic and potassium bichromate. His prints exhibited at the London Photographic Society the same year were greatly admired. However, Pouncy's gum bichromate process was, in fact, covered by earlier patents filed by Poitevin, but this did not deter Pouncy from submitting his prints to the Duke of Lyne's competition for permanent photographs in 1859. For the excellence of his work, Pouncy was awarded the lesser part of the major prize won by Poitevin. Although Pouncy's work was not original, he pioneered the carbon process in England and can be considered the practical founder of the different technique of gum bichromate printing.[br]Bibliography10 April 1858, British patent no. 780 (gum bichromate permanent printing process).Further ReadingJohn Werge, 1890, The Evolution of Photography, London (an interesting contemporary account of Pouncy's work).J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York.H.Gernshiem and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London. G.Wakeman, 1973, Victorian Book Illustration, Great Britain (a good popular account of Pouncy's work).JW -
6 Goodyear, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USAd. 1 July 1860 New York, USA[br]American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.[br]Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.Bibliography15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).Further ReadingB.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.LRD -
7 BGM
1) Авиация: Boarding General Music3) Военный термин: ballistic guided missile4) Юридический термин: Bubble Gum Machine5) Сокращение: Multiple launch environment surface attack missile designator (USA)6) СМИ: Back Ground Music7) Фантастика Big Green Men8) Аэропорты: Binghamton, New York USA9) Комиксы: background music -
8 bgm
1) Авиация: Boarding General Music3) Военный термин: ballistic guided missile4) Юридический термин: Bubble Gum Machine5) Сокращение: Multiple launch environment surface attack missile designator (USA)6) СМИ: Back Ground Music7) Фантастика Big Green Men8) Аэропорты: Binghamton, New York USA9) Комиксы: background music -
9 spirit
spirit ['spɪrɪt]1 noun(a) (non-physical part of being, soul) esprit m;∎ the poor in spirit les pauvres d'esprit;∎ the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak l'esprit est prompt mais la chair est faible;∎ he is with us in spirit il est avec nous en pensée ou par la pensée(b) (supernatural being) esprit m;∎ I don't believe in ghosts or spirits je ne crois ni aux fantômes ni aux esprits;∎ she is possessed by spirits elle est possédée par des esprits;∎ to call up the spirits of the dead évoquer les âmes des morts;∎ evil spirits esprits mpl malins;∎ the spirit world le monde des esprits∎ he is a generous spirit il a une âme généreuse, c'est une bonne âme;∎ he is a courageous spirit il est courageux;∎ he is a leading spirit in the movement il est l'un de ceux qui donnent son impulsion au mouvement;∎ he is one of the great spirits of modern philosophy c'est un des grands esprits de la philosophie moderne(d) (attitude, mood) esprit m;∎ the spirit of the age l'esprit m ou le génie de l'époque;∎ to do sth in a spirit of fun faire qch pour s'amuser;∎ you mustn't do it in a spirit of vengeance il ne faut pas le faire par esprit de vengeance;∎ to take sth in the right/wrong spirit prendre qch bien/mal;∎ she took my remarks in the wrong spirit elle a mal pris mes remarques;∎ he went about the job entirely in the wrong spirit il n'a pas compris dans quel esprit il devait travailler;∎ he took it in the spirit in which it was intended il l'a pris comme il fallait;∎ to have the party spirit avoir envie de s'amuser;∎ to enter into the spirit of things (at party) se mettre au diapason; (in work) participer de bon cœur;∎ familiar that's the spirit! voilà comment il faut réagir!□, à la bonne heure!(e) (deep meaning) esprit m, génie m;∎ the spirit of the law l'esprit m de la loi;∎ you haven't understood the spirit of the poem vous n'avez pas saisi l'esprit du poème∎ to do sth with spirit faire quelque chose avec entrain;∎ he replied with spirit il a répondu énergiquement;∎ they sang with spirit ils ont chanté avec entrain;∎ a man of spirit un homme de caractère;∎ he is entirely lacking in spirit il est complètement amorphe;∎ to show spirit montrer du caractère ou du courage;∎ to have spirit avoir de l'allant;∎ his spirit was broken il avait perdu courage∎ wines and spirits vins mpl et spiritueux mpl;∎ I prefer beer to spirits je préfère la bière aux spiritueux;∎ brandy is my favourite spirit le cognac est mon alcool préféré;∎ taxes on spirits have increased les taxes sur les spiritueux ont augmenté∎ (move secretly) they spirited her in/out by a side door ils l'ont fait entrer/sortir discrètement par une porte dérobée;∎ he seems to have been spirited into thin air il semble avoir disparu comme par enchantement;∎ to spirit sth in/out introduire/sortir discrètement qch(mood, mental state) humeur f, état m d'esprit; (morale) moral m;∎ to be in good spirits être de bonne humeur, avoir le moral;∎ to feel out of spirits avoir le cafard;∎ to be in high spirits être de très bonne humeur, avoir le moral au beau fixe;∎ to be in low spirits être déprimé;∎ you must keep your spirits up il faut garder le moral, il ne faut pas vous laisser abattre;∎ my spirits rose at the thought mon moral est remonté rien que d'y penser;∎ to raise sb's spirits remonter le moral à qn►► spirit of ammonia or spirits of ammonia ammoniaque m liquide;spirit gum colle f gomme;British spirit lamp lampe f à alcool;spirit level niveau m à bulle;Spirit of Saint Louis = avion spécialement conçu pour l'aviateur américain Charles Lindbergh, avec lequel il effectua, en 1927, la première traversée de l'Atlantique sans escale, de New York à Paris;spirit stove réchaud m à alcool;spirit of turpentine (essence f de) térébenthine f;spirit varnish vernis m à alcool(carry off secretly) faire disparaître (comme par enchantement); (steal) escamoter, subtiliser -
10 Talbot, William Henry Fox
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, Englandd. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England[br]English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.[br]Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.Bibliography1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.Further ReadingH.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).JWBiographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox
См. также в других словарях:
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Red Gum — may refer to any of a number of species of Eucalyptus or the closely related Corymbia , including* Corymbia calophylla Red Gum or Marri, native to Western Australia * Eucalyptus bancroftii Red Gum, Bancrofts Red Gum, Forest Red Gum or Tumbledown… … Wikipedia
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